9 Utopia or Oblivion
6 Astronauts, aviators, mariners, submariners, and people of all countries use and appreciate tiny transistors, because transistors do so much more, so much more reliably with so much less. So also do a myriad of invisible alloys, chemical and electromagnetic devices accomplish much more with less.
7 The development of these globally interacting, invisibly operating inventions was not organized as a benevolent world revolution by anyone. But their integrating and interacceleratingly regenerative more-with-lessing all together constitute a revolution which is found to be politically welcome the world around. Computers, TV’s, and plastics, as superficial manifest of the invisible doings, are apparently wanted everywhere.
8 The centuries’ long only subconscious more-with-lessing is only now entering human consciousness as constituting a unified world revolution—as inexorable and transcendental to man’s will as is an earthquake. Some speak of the revolution as ‘‘the impact of technology on society,’’ others as ‘‘automation.’’ Everywhere people are aware of its portentousness. Few think of it correctly as ‘‘invisible more-with-lessing,’’ the scientific description for which is ‘‘progressive ephemeralization’’—99% of humanity look upon it only as more-with-more and more again.
9 To turn the heretofore only subconsciously regenerative more-of-every-advantage with less-of-every-resource revolution to highest human benefit in the shortest time with the most pleasure and satisfaction and with the least effort, pain, or rupture for all has become the conscious focus of a world-around university students’ coordinated research. Whether this particular initiative will persist and be successful is unpredictable. But its occurrence and circumstances provide a significant case history for it brings the generalized problem into sharp, wide-angle-lensed, maximum depth-of-field focus. As such it is probably the prototype exploration in how to make the world work satisfactorily for all.
10 Identified as the Design Science Decade, the world students’ ten-year plan is divided into five evolutionary stages of two years each. Stage one was on exhibit in the Tuileries gardens in Paris, France, for the first ten days of July 1965 (under the auspices of the International Union of Architects’ Eighth World Congress). It confronted the world with the basic facts which led the students to the research conclusion that human survival apparently depends upon an immediate, consciously coordinated, world-around, computerized research marshalling and inception of the theoretically required additional inventions and industrial network integrations for the swiftest attainment and maintenance of physical success of all humanity.
11 Fortunately, say the students, such invention initiative does not derive from political debate or bureaucratic licensing. The license comes only from the blue sky of the inventor’s intellect. No one licensed the inventors of the airplane, telephone, electric light, and radio to go to work. It took only five men to invent these worldtransforming developments. Herein lies the potentially swift effectiveness of the world student research revolution.
12 While the International Union of Architects Eighth World Congress was held in Paris’ Palais de Chaillot their world students exposition was deployed to the Tuileries gardens. It is worth noting in our case history that while the senior professional architects’ congress was greeted cordially by the French press—the congress with its 2,500 delegates from 60 of the world’s nations, including the U.S.S.R., the Chinese People’s Republic, and their satellites and all the major ‘‘Western’’ powers—neither the occurrence of the Congress nor its proceedings were reported over the international news wire services. On the other hand the World Students’ Design Science Decade in the Tuileries gardens and their declared objectives did prove newsworthy and are as yet receiving wide and favorable world news coverage.
13 These students have no political motives. They have no formal organization—no officers or bylaws. They are not supported by any political organization. Their activities converge as spontaneously as skiers converge on the world’s best snow slopes. As amateur design scientists, the students deal only in resource statistics, computation, inventions, schematics, drawings, and models which treat with the world’s industrial network growth. They deal theoretically and experimentally with man’s external, inanimate, industrial network organism in the same way that medical science deals with mankind’s internal organism.
14 Their design-science findings may be employed alike by all political states, whenever, in emergencies, the students’ inventions and network integrations become as obviously logical and employable as are medical science’s research ‘‘breakthroughs.’’ Anticipating critical economic, social, and technological needs, the students’ design-science breakthrough solutions to the problems are placed upon the world-news-published, standby awareness ‘‘shelves’’ in the same way that medical breakthrough techniques and antibiotics become standby.
15 Because humanity has a long memory for fiascos, nonsense, and catchwords, the question has been asked several times, ‘‘Has the world students’ coordinate support of the invention revolution something to do with Technocracy?’’ The answer is NO! Technocracy was a political organization. It was formed in the 1929--1932 economic depression. It consisted mostly of unemployed engineers. This blue-shirt-uniformed technical elite asserted that the 1932 depression would soon worsen. They announced that they would, at the right moment, set up an engineers’ dictatorship. Economic recovery in the U.S.A. by Franklin Roosevelt’s administration deflated Technocracy’s plans. They were inherently deflatable. Engineers are too forthright. They are politically naive. As an aftermath, however, such word inventions often get into general vernacular and it frequently happens today that people who do not know the history of Technocracy refer to any engineer or scientist as a ‘‘Technocrat.’’
16 The world students’ design-science initiative has no precedent. All the conditions essential to its precipitation have never before coexisted. It is the constructive outgrowth of the world-around students’ ever-more-logical dissatisfaction with the inadequacy of yesterday’s theories and practices to cope with today’s problems and potentials. Their highly intuitive and not always clearly conceived dissatisfaction is frequently articulated only in protests over local regulations, or the right to be heard. Sometimes, in civil-rights movements, the students’ spirit discloses superb courage and dedication to human justice. Sometimes—in wanton outbursts of indiscriminate disdain of the ineptness of all that is ‘‘old’’—it may break windows and noses. Typical of the milder, organized protests was the recent University of California students’ Berkeley rebellion.
17 The issues are often confused because of political tampering. It is easy for skilled operators of opposing world ideologies to surreptitiously exploit the universally persistent, intuitive discontent among their adversaries’ youth by derring-do teasing in their respective directions.
18 Born utterly helpless, and gaining independent competence only slowly, youth’s reflexes are preconditioned to expect some older authority to be responsible for its welfare. Youth assumes that the political authority is a public parent. When dissatisfied, youth protests to the authorities, assuming the authorities can, if they wish, make everything satisfactory. Often, the ‘‘authority’’ lacks such capability. The problems are usually beyond the scope of local authority. They demand world peace. The Mayor of Kankakee has no such capability.
19 The present university youth are World War II’s babies, many born with their fathers away at war. Many were tended by group babysitters as their mothers worked in munitions factories. The present university students are also the first humans to be reared by the third parent—television —which has given them hourly news of world events. Unlike any previous generations, the students think ‘‘world.’’ They will settle for nothing less than justice and physical advantage for all, everywhere around earth.
20 The third parent also taught them that no invention barriers are insurmountable to science and technology. They were born into a transoceanic, air-traveling world. The atom bomb is their birthmark. In their fourth year of life the giant transistorized computers began commercial operation. When the students were aged 9, men climbed to the peak of Mount Everest. When 10, they were immunized against polio. As they reached 12 years, the Russians’ unmanned rocket Sputnik orbited the earth every hour and a half, and the first civilian nuclear reactor went into operation as an electric power-generating station. When the students were aged 13, the U.S. atomic-powered submarine Nautilus went from the Pacific to the Atlantic submerged below the north polar ice. In their fourteenth year, the Russians’ unmanned rocket photographed the far side of the moon and returned to earth. When they were 15, the U.S. bathyscaphe took man safely to photograph the bottom of the Pacific Ocean’s deepest hole. In their sixteenth year, a Russian orbited earth in a rocket. As they reached 17, the DNA genetic code for the control of the design of all life was discovered.
21 The students know that man can do anything he wants. However, they see world officialdom investing the world’s highest capabilities only in race suicide springboards. Finding their own political demonstrations for peace or their outright revolutions leading only toward further war, a few pioneers amongst the world students have joined up objectively with the heretofore only subjectively experienced do-more-with-less design-science revolution. The students are applying general systems theory to comprehend and to utilize the accelerating invention revolution as the swiftest and only fundamental means of attaining world peace with both physical success and moral justice for all.
22 The students’ reason:
23 The metals in 80% of all the scrap of yesterday’s obsolete mechanics and structures have been recovered, refined as ‘‘pure metals,’’ and put to work again.
24 But the rate of discovery of additional metal ores is slower than human population increase.
25 Throughout the 20th century, therefore, the cumulative total of world metals mined and unmined has been continually decreasing per each world man.
26 At the present moment the cumulative total of metals—mined and refined by man throughout all history—is wholly employed in machines or structures which, operating at limit capacity, can accommodate and serve only 44% of living humanity.
27 No exclusively political act of any political system can make the world’s resources take care of more than 44% of humanity.
28 Despite the foregoing constant increase in human population and constant decrease of metals per person, between 1900 and 1965 the number of people attaining physical success as full-time participants in the highest standard of living progressively developed by world industrialization—a personal standard of living and health superior to that ever enjoyed by any pre-20th-century monarch—rose steadily from less than 1% to 40% of all living humanity.
29 The 40% of humanity surprisingly grown successful, despite constantly diminishing physical resources per capita, can only be explained by the doing-more-with-less invention revolution.
30 The success cannot be attributed to any political doctrine. It has flourished equally under opposing ideologies.
31 Take away the energy-distributing networks and the industrial machinery from America, Russia, and all the worlds’ industrialized countries and within six months over two billion swiftly and painfully deteriorating people will starve to death.
32 Take away the politicians, all the ideologies and their professional protagonists from those same countries and leave them their present energy networks, industrial machinery, routine production and distribution personnel and no more humans will starve nor be afflicted in health than at present.
33 Why has mankind failed to perceive, understand, and respond logically to the significance of this situation? The answer is complex. But it needs answering. That will take some paragraphs. If it is to be consciously solved by man it will have to be understood well enough to be properly stated. It is the students’ working assumption that ‘‘a problem adequately stated is a problem well on its way to being solved.’’
34 The problem consists of such powerfully conditioned human reflexes as laissez-faire, induced by nature’s ‘‘built-in,’’ instinctive, ‘‘game-playing’’ drives which are subconsciously operative in all living creatures, by which—often in lieu of intellect, they only inadvertently and unintentionally provide vital support of one another—as for instance do all the mammals respire all the vegetation’s vitally required carbon dioxide, while all vegetation respires all the mammals’ vitally required oxygen; or as do the honey-hunting bees inadvertently fertilize the growth of flowers with their pollen-dusting tails. It is only by the integrated coordination of myriads upon myriads of unconsciously performed inadvertencies of such ‘‘game-playing’’ drives that nature is able to accomplish the comprehensive ecological and metabolic regeneration of life on earth.
37 C.H. Waddington, University of Edinburgh geneticist, speaks of the ‘‘epigenetic landscape’’ in identifying the powerful effects on human behavior played by environmental factors. Waddington shows how man goes on to alter the environment and how the altered environment alters human behaviors and how the whole process becomes regenerative and continually accelerates. He does not show that the environment adds capabilities to the human’s innate capabilities but does indicate the way in which changes in the environment permit realization of innate capabilities thereto frustrated. Thus we see that evolution is not confined to the organic man but consists of the combined man and his environment.1 This combined regenerative evolution has not attained a ‘‘chainreaction rate.’’ ‘‘It has been fairly well established, however, that the competitive hypothesis is a gross over-simplification of what is involved in the development of pattern, structure, or other manifestation of organization. As a matter of fact, the customary interpretation of the Darwinian ‘struggle for existence’ to mean that the primary and dominant relationship in animate nature is opposition whether clamorous combat or the more subtle competition, forms one of the neatest illustrations of the ‘fallacy of misplaced concreteness’ that may anywhere be found. Darwin used the phrase in ‘a large and metaphorical sense,’ subsuming under it all expenditures of effort to maintain and expand life. Combination and cooperation as well as competition and conflict are embraced in the concept. That mutual aid is just as fundamental and universal as opposition has been abundantly shown in numerous field and laboratory studies by students of plants and animals.’’
39 Typical of the ‘‘games’’ played by man which preclude his timely recognition of the fundamentals of evolution are: vision-blinding national and local egocentricities; obsessions with legendary ‘‘perfections’’ of yesterday; preoccupation with murder and scandal news; molelike shortsightedness developed by constant attention to before-the-nose successive personal and local crises and ambitions; narrowness of focus due to specialization; pride; inferiority complex; and spring fever. Another important reason for world society’s failure to apprehend and comprehend the significance of industrialization’s suddenly obsoleting the role of all of yesterday’s political ideologies is the insurmountable communications barrier between the 1% of the world population who are scientists and the 99% who are not. This is not an obstacle that may be surmounted just by taking note of it. Many books such as those of C.P. Snow have suggested the gap is forever unspannable. The 1 scientist to 99 nonscientist ratio reflects the historical fact that since the last ice age left 75% of the world surface under water, 99% of mankind have lived exclusively on the dry land and have occupied only 4% of the world’s total surface. This 4% has been comprised of many separate and widely dispersed areas: the most readily tillable or minable, life-sustaining, dry lands and their fishable inland or coastal waterways. Through 98% of the time, the 99 % of humanity sprinkled myopically about the divided dry land were mutually unaware of one another. The local groups developed their local laws.
40 Those few who prospered on land fought defensively against invaders from less productive areas. The heavier and bigger their fortifications, the more secure the defenders felt. The 99% of humanity dwelling on the land built on a basis of more security always accomplished with more of everything. They shut down their work at dark, locked their doors, and everyone went to sleep.
41 During the same post-ice-age period approximately 1% of humanity went out to sea. The mariners occupied the world’s omni-interconnected oceans, which together cover 75% of the spherical surface of earth.
42 But the sea could never be shut down. Those who went voluntarily to sea went voluntarily to fight the sea, and other men, for its supremacy and for 24 hours each day. Men on the high seas, forced by the limits of floatability, strove offensively for lightweight scientific and technical superiority—stone fortresses sank.
43 What we know of today as general systems theory was first practiced in the design of ships and their world operations. All the functions that the ship must perform, to be successful, and the variable limits of those functions had to be both comprehensively and specifically anticipated. Only then could the size of the ship, necessary to contain that set of essential functions, become discernible. The volume of the ship’s hull next made possible the calculations of the weight of water it would displace. Then that total floatable weight had to be divided up into a tight performance-per-pound budget which assigned so much of the totally available displacement weight to each essential function. Improving the performances per units of invested resources of materials, time, and knowhow were, and are as yet, the outstanding characteristics of high-priority industrialization. Wooden structures could last longenough to make a fortune.
44 Because the laws of the separate lands did not extend into the sea, and those who went to sea were inherently outlaws, no nonsense such as building codes or esthetic mores limited their undertakings. They lived only by the inflexible dictates of nature’s physical laws and by the law of their captain’s will, wit, knowledge, foresight, and organized physical strength.
45 Men of the sea lived in a state of accelerated reality. Offshore navigation by the stars required the progressive discovery and swift development of mathematics. Shipbuilding required literacy and mathematics. The closer men live to reality the more daringly inventive and scientific they become and the quicker they are to adopt new ways. Thus, the sea became the breeder of science and its swift applications while the dry land life permitted and invited unscientific, massive, and inert protection of unscientific illiterate customs and habits. It can safely be said that the origins of science took place at sea and the same 1% to 99% ratio of sea people to land people as yet obtains in the 1:99 ratio of scientists to nonscientists.
46 Seafarers readily adopt mutually beneficial, pro tem codes of survival and prosperity. The big pirates gained power by reputations for gallantry and saved their ruthlessness only for the biggest gambles. The biggest of the pirates invented, organized, and controlled whole nations within their respective trade-route domains. After holding control of the world for years the great pirates often became so feared and respected that their fleet leaders became recognized as admirals, as they progressively differentiated and organized their merchant and fighting functions.
47 Both the sailors’ rewards and their security lay in doing, anticipatorily, ever more within the limit of floatable weight. The more-with-less capabilities of the little pirates, with their properly equipped little ships, often overcame the big, well-manned, richly laden and less-maneuverable ‘‘venturers’ ’’ ships.
48 Ships had a vast number of technical and economic advantages over landborne commerce. Within a given time they could carry cargoes many thousandfold the weight transportable on the backs of men or animals, or in overland vehicles. The seas were all interconnected and the lands were not.
49 The pirates’ more-with-less shipbuilding industry, as the prototype of all later industry, sought for the use of all the world’s best materials. The pirate with the strongest, tallest masts, strongest ropes and sails, could exploit the storms and could outmaneuver the other adventurers. He found those superior resources only by voyages of discovery around the entire globe. He found better masts in the Americas, better rope in the Philippines, better cotton for his sails in Egypt. He found that the resources of the earth were unevenly distributed, and that only ships could integrate the resources to realize the industrial ever-more-with-less, competitive capabilities complex. He learned that the economic rewards for so doing were fabulous.
50 Because of the unprecedented wealth accruing to the ocean transport, the pirates could afford to underwrite scientific development in unique degree. Both the venturers’ shipyards and the ships they built were major tool and power complexes. The opposing pirates’ more-with-less sea-tool competition eventually replaced wind- and sail-driven wooden ships with steam-driven steel ships. To gain swift access to the mineral resources essential to their steam and steel shipbuilding, the pirates extended the principle of their wooden railways—developed originally only for their marine railway launchings—back inland, they mounted their ships’ steam engines on metal wheeled platforms on the metal rails to go into areas of the hinterland where canals and rivers were nonexistent in order to obtain further resources to build their ever-improving steel and steam ships. Secretly dominating all the land governments, the merchant venturers, as they were politely known, obtained free franchises for their vast inland railway rights of way.
51 Thus began also not only the great piracy of the land, but what is known as the Industrial Revolution. The 99% of humanity preoccupied with feudally dominated farming, fishing, and crafts were unaware that they had been absorbed into the inherently comprehensive world system network of industrialization. They thought exclusively of ensuing mechanical events as products of their local ingenuity. Today’s urbanism began with the pirates’ inland network linkage of world transport and communication.
52 The scientist-artist-inventor-architect-engineers of the Leonardo da Vinci type, who had disappeared from world society when they were shanghaied to sea by the pirates at the beginning of the 16th century, reappeared upon the land again, three centuries later, in men such as Brunel and Telford—who built the railroads, bridges, tunnels, and canals by which the seaborne world industry flowed inward upon the land. As the great British geopolitician Sir Halford McKinder taught, a half century later, with the railroads the land became an extension of the ocean. Locally preoccupied landbound world man did not know what was going on.
53 With steel shipmaking came a whole new world of alloy steels with unique capabilities. This brought about further scientific exploration of the earth for rare alloys. It also brought about total world interdependence. For instance, as is visible today the steelmaking constituent manganese, found plentifully in Ghana, is useless to Ghanaians, who have neither coal nor iron with which to make steel. Ghanaian manganese must be transported overseas to make the steel, which will be exported back to Ghana and many other countries as tools, machinery, and structural components. Industry is inherently of world magnitude, and only works as a world system. The newly emerging nations around earth will soon have to learn that their political independence depends upon the degree to which they comprehend and voluntarily participate in the interdependence of world industrialization. Ghanaians make good airline pilots but the Ghanaian Airways equipment was not developed in Accra.
54 Industry takes resources from all around the world—the furthermost points of which are only halfway around the world from any one point. Industry takes the world’s mined resources to a few points of maximum industrial efficiency for separation and more-with-less rearrangement in alloys, parts, and machine wholes.
55 In order to justify this vast expense of world pattern operation, industrialization must mass-produce and mass-distribute to obtain enough customers to divide up the total toolup and operations cost. Only world distribution provides the most customers. So halfway around the world again, in all directions, go the products and services of industrialization. Industrialization is inherently world-embracing and world-integrating.
56 Before the air-transport era, this vast wealth-realizing integration of the world’s resources was only accomplished via the seas. Whoever ruled the oceans ruled the world.
57 Because a group of pirate ships could outmaneuver and surround one pirate ship, navies were invented. And the pirate navy with the best organized world-around shipbuilding yards and world bases ruled the sea.
58 And only the top pirates in the top navies knew what it was ‘‘all about.’’ Thus only 1% of the 1% of humanity that went to sea came to rule the world. Secrecy was their chief weapon. The sea kept its secrets. Thus, for many centuries 99.99% of humanity knew nought of how the world was being run. But being run it was—rigorously, for the first and last time.
59 The rule broke down after World War I and ceased altogether in 1929.
60 While the great pirates ran the world only for the benefit of one-hundredth of 1% of humanity that was only because they thought—as their economist, Thomas Malthus, had pointed out—that this was the limit which could be supported by the world’s resources. Their scientist Darwin confirmed this with his ‘‘survival only of the fittest.’’ Thus the rise and fall of their world control and of the world-around economic systems which they invented is probably the least understood background of today’s world problems—dryland-preoccupied world people knew little of the vast world trade route, shipbuilding science, and economic stratagems of the pirates. Secrecy was the pirates’ most powerful adjunct.
61 The world’s peoples and their politicians think erroneously in terms of sovereign nations with colonial empires. These empires never were the product of the ambitions of the people of any nation. The British people had nothing to do with establishing the British Empire outside of being conscripted or shanghaied on board the ships by the great pirates’ admirals and captains. Today’s world people think naively that politicians have always run things. They never have and never will. Politicians were only the pirates’ visible local stooges.
62 With the invention of the airplane to the point where it was able to carry a torpedo which could sink an armor-clad battleship, which it did in 1929, came the assumption that whoever ruled the sky ocean, which dominated the water ocean, must succeed to the ruling of the world. Ability to dominate the world skies was derived from the same secret and governnment-guarded science which had produced the supreme ships of the sea, so the world, though amazedly impressed, knew little or nothing of either the whyfor or the technical details of air-supremacy evolution.
63 What the world did not realize was that the financial crash of 1929 completely ended the great pirates’ power. It died because the great pirates had let science out of Pandora’s box and they could not understand science or see and control science’s invisible evolution. The scientists did not revolt; but the properties of universe that they were uncovering continually broke loose from economic monopoly and the magnitude of scientific involvement developed far beyond the finance capabilities of the old pirates to cope with. Only nations and groups of nations could now cope with the magnitude of capital underwriting.
64 Demise of the pirates’ power left the world political systems, which the pirates had invented or negatively induced, harnessed with the task of satisfying the world population’s naive mandate that they—the politicians—go right on running the world realistically rather than just ‘‘acting the part of rulers,’’ as secretly puppeted by the former pirate masters—all unbeknownst to the people.
65 This left the world politicians also harnessed with their newly inherited air-weaponry and electromagnetic-wave development well underway and now wholly underwritten by the ‘‘nations’’ because the costs of the underwriting had been bypassed to the nations’ treasuries by the pirates just before the crash.
66 Never having known who the master pirates were and how they managed to run the world, yet thoroughly indoctrinated in all their duties, culture, and customs, people have carried on as if the old pirates’ capitalism as yet existed—despite the fact that it is completely extinct. People play games of capitalism or anticapitalism or colonialism vs. noncolonialism but only because that is all they know how to play. But all the basic underwritings of new technology are now socialized, that is they are all government-financed under a complicated economic relay system which commences with national-defense hardware contracts with prime weaponry contractors.
67 The new air-ocean weapons race, inherited unwittingly by the world’s people from the pirates along with their national identities, local laws, and mores, brought about new and increased importance of the role to be played in world socioeconomic evolution by the doing-more-with-less technology theretofore developed only by maritime evolution and now expanded by aircraft technology.
68 The airplane could not float in the sky. It flew only because of the negative pressure, or lift, developed over the top of its wing foils as produced only by pushing or pulling the foils at high velocity through the air. This velocity required powerful and heavy engines plus heavy fuel loads plus the weight of super-to-multi-hurricane structural strength in the airframes. The first airplanes had excess lifting capacity for only one human pilot and could fly only for short distances for a few minutes. Whoever could make the airplanes do more lifting with less material to carry the greatest striking power, the greatest distances in the shortest time, could and did run the world, but only for a few months because the technology was now geared to constant change and first one side and then the other of the weapons-race leaders could regain the design-science advantage overnight.
69 By exquisite probing for the means of doing more-than-before-with-less-than-before by both sides it was discovered that neither side could ‘‘rim the world’’ so both sides continued the weapons race to guarantee that the other side should not run the world. This negatively dynamic standoff of nations staffed by an international proliferation of nuclear and rocketry scientist mercenaries or pawns finally developed into the ‘‘massive-retaliation defense posture’’ of the most powerful nations at the midpoint of the 20th century. And that is the condition today, at the century’s two-thirds point. The vast productive capabilities of man are now locked in dynamically balanced guarantee of ‘‘nothing to be gained and everything to be lost.’’
70 In the meanwhile both ‘‘sides’’ burn up the fossil-fuel and atomic-fuel ‘‘savings accounts’’ accumulated through the ages, disdaining to invest in harnessing the vast daily income energy wealth—for instance of the ocean tides—as ‘‘uneconomical’’ in comparison to the ‘‘costs’’ of burning the savings accounts. The real cost questions which are not faced by either organized governments or businesses are what will it cost to carry on when we run out of oil, coal, fresh water, and fresh air.
71 In the 1920s transition from sea to air mastery of the world, the doing-more-with-less finally went irrevocably from visible technology to invisible science. Scientist-artist-inventors provided the new, do-invisibly-more-with-invisibly-less techniques. It was the cost of this new air-ocean mastering’s invisible, scientific capability which rocketed beyond the purchasing means of the old pirates and ended their world sovereignty as marked by the economic panic of 1929. Only sovereign nations could now marshal the gargantuan capital venture credit required to underwrite and to command the longterm, only indirectly refunding advantages that went into the production of world air supremacy. The evolution of man’s flying ran into continuous capital retooling costs eightyfold the value of all the world’s gold. The economics of development of the air-ocean technology introduced a new empirical concept of wealth, which made obsolete the exclusively intrinsic wealth standards theretofore mandated and obscurely maintained by the great pirates. The new wealth was a realistically marshaled use of an ever-advancing, tool-organized, inanimate energy-capability wealth, which harvests the intellect’s scientific shunting of universal energies onto the advantage end of man-invented levers, which levers also consist of associative energies appearing as chemical ‘‘materials.’’
72 Historically, the 99% of humanity based on dry land knew approximately nothing of the 1% of humanity’s sea- and sky-hidden doings, and even less of its esoteric, scientific stratagems. What they were familiar with and did swallow, ‘‘hook, line, and sinker,’’ were all the ramifications of the pirates’ international accounting system—annual balances of trade and their payments in gold which had been invented by the world master pirates to keep their gold off the seas and out of jeopardy of hijacking by competitor pirates.
73 As a consequence of their preoccupations in irrelevancies, 99% of humanity have been historically conditioned to think of security only as more-with-more, and the bigger, heavier, and more venerable the f ortress, cathedral, mansion, or inventory of possessions , the better. ‘‘Secure as the Rock of Gibraltar.’’
74 The more-with-more security finally came to its zenith in the post-World War I building by France of the Maginot Line—history’s greatest fortress. The blitzkrieg, whose airpower and tank power were the technologies of the sea rolling up and flying over the land, rolled and flew over the Maginot Line as if it were not there. There were none of the anticipatorily higher-performance hardwares there to stop the blitzkrieg. It would have taken a quarter century to develop them.
75 As a general consequence of their preoccupation with their exclusively local affairs and of the momentum of society’s confusion over technical economics and world industrialization and foreign ‘‘exchange’’ rate mysteries, 99% of the world population do not even now think of their economy in terms of performance per pound, energy effort and knowhow hours invested per function, let alone thinking of buildings in terms of weight. How much does St. Peter’s Cathedral in the Vatican weigh? An absurd question! Nobody knows. How much does the St. Peter’s-dwarfing S.S. Queen Mary weigh? 86,000 tons. Everybody knows that. But for the last ten years the S.S. United States, employing lightweight alloys and many progressively smaller more-with-less devices and weighing only 45,000 tons, has carried as many passengers and tons of cargo per year at equal transatlantic speeds as has the S.S. Queen Mary, all at considerably less operating costs. That is why the Cunard Line is about to do-even-more-with-an-even-smaller ship to outperform them both. We have entered into an era where visibly less than the biggest does visibly more. Now a 350-ton airliner can outperform either of these gigantic ships in total passengers carried per year. How much does the new U.S.S.R. 700-passenger airplane weigh? 500,000 pounds—250 tons, only 700 pounds per passenger vs. 1,000 pounds per passenger in a Cadillac; and vs. 1,400 pounds per passenger in a packed railway coach. Which of these ways of travel will get you the furthest, fastest, most safely at the least overall cost? Obviously the big airplanes are so outperforming the oldest technologies as soon to make them altogether obsolete. U.S.A. ‘s Lockheed Aircraft Company who are also building the 700-passenger C-5A ships at a total weight of 700,000 pounds, or 350 tons, are also working on multithousand passenger airplanes. Planes have now passed a critical point in development which permits almost unlimited sizes and shows that each time we have double the size we halve the weight per passenger. These big advanced research ships are to be literally the size of skyscrapers. The C-5A’s fuselage length is that of the height of a 23-story building. This means factory production and air-delivery of skyscrapers themselves, installable anywhere around the world in a day by upending the fuselages. It also means removal of skyscrapers and their redelivery to any other points on earth in one day. This is the consequence of the chain-reaction rate now attained in the man-and-environment interregenerative evolution.
76 Even the architects of today are utterly ignorant of the weights of their buildings. In order to make the structural components strong enough, engineers have to calculate the building weights, but only after the owners and architects have finished the visible shape, operating scheme, superficial dimensions, and materials design.
77 It is fantastic that, without exaggeration, we can use the figure 99% over and over again. It is the ratio of the audience and the magician—who fools his audience into seeing him do things other than that which he is really doing. So it had been with the old pirates who owned the scientists as they owned laying hens. While the magician pirate is dead, the world thus as yet carries on with the nonsense of the pirates’ magic through the scientists carrying on the magician act.
78 Ninety-nine percent of humanity has never thought in terms of the do-more-with-less stratagems of the ship-, airplane-, and rocket-designing scientists, and their military operating personnel, who as yet constitute less than 1% of the human population. Not one man in a million knows what a transistor really is and why it does what it does nor how it happened to be discovered. Not one in a million asks why a Hindu metal worker who could qualify as a first-class toolmaker in Detroit gets paid one-fiftieth as much for his time in India.
79 Even the scientist rarely thinks realistically regarding fundamental behaviors. All the world’s scientists see the sun ‘‘going down’’ at ‘‘sunset’’—despite 500 years of knowledge that the earth is rotating the scientist out of view of the sun. All scientists tell you the ‘‘wind is blowing from the west,’’ when a low pressure eastward of us is sucking. All the scientists say ‘‘up’’ and ‘‘down’’ though there is no such direction in universe. The U.S. scientist on the ground speaking in the U.S. over the television—with all the world listening—says to the astronaut, as he is rocketing over China, ‘‘How are things ‘up’ there this morning?’’ What he should say is ‘‘out’’ there. Astronauts go ‘‘out’’ from heavenly bodies—or ‘‘in’’ toward heavenly bodies.
82 The public’s vast ignorance of either the comprehensive or particular nature of original undertakings in technical development has been almost certified by national-defense secrecy. Ninety-nine percent of the original more-with-less invention revolution has been subsidized by the weapons programs of the major nations. Up to World War I all the drawings and calculations of all the world’s navies’ ships were methodically destroyed as soon as each ship was built, up to which moment they were the most carefully guarded of history’s secrets.
83 During the first half century of the airplane, the major sovereign powers poured $21 ⁄ 2 trillion directly and indirectly into aircraft development as the new supreme weapon. Now in one-third that time the world nations have again appropriated almost as much capability wealth for the development of the atomic-headed rocketry and space race, for supreme control of the earth and its surrounding portion of the universe.
84 Most central to all the remote controlled more-with-lessing of moon-landed rockets and ocean bottom exploring are the swiftly multiplying transistorized electronic computers, one of which can now, in one minute, print-out the solution to a problem which a decade ago would have taken two years to accomplish by the combined efforts of all those educated on earth to calculate. Little wonder that 99% of humanity are left millenniums behind, innocently and innocuously preoccupied in playing yesterday’s irrelevant game of ‘‘everyday’’ serious ‘‘business,’’ ‘‘politics,’’ and ‘‘education.’’
85 Twenty-five years after the original, secretly developed doing-only-more-killing-with-less-material-and-work-per-death as potentially realized in weapons and weapons-production technology—the, only inadvertently, generalized do-more-with-less capabilities —of the tools-to-make-tools, that finally make the special tools called ‘‘weapons’’—99% of which tooling could also make peaceful products—are secondhanded into the domestic economics of world man to provide more life with less effort. But this ultimate lifesupport upgrading occurs only after the prime weapon contractors’ respective weapons contracts expire and only as a result of the obsolescence of their respective weaponry end-products.
86 While different political ideologies, as with the different languages and customs as yet operative in yesterday’s pirate-decreed and natural-barrier-divided lands, are useful in organizing mankind’s employment of the ever-swiftly improving, multiplying, and integrating industrial-tool network of the invention revolution, by-producted from the weaponry-focused economies, it is becoming increasingly visible to ever more people that the industrial network will soon integrate society into a ‘‘one-town world’’ obliterating all national divisions of earth people, invented by the top pirates’ competitive-ambition strategies.
87 It is also increasingly clear to even more people that the fundamental and highest priority responsibility for man’s interim-survival success on this little sun-orbiting spaceship, Earth , does not fall directly within the problem-solving capabilities of political theory, nor with the results obtainable by politics’ ultimately greatest lever—war—hot, subversive, cool, or cold. Either war is obsolete, or men are.
88 It is possible, at the present rate of performance per weight of employed resource gaining that, given 35 more years, the opposing ideologies’ weapons-into-space race might go on, as in the past, to inadvertently produce enough additional by-product more-with-lessing to ultimately bring 100% of humanity into successful physical survival.
89 This is possible, however, only if men succeed in surviving on earth throughout that period.
90 During that only-by-crisis-after-crisis-stimulated 35 years development of ultra-ultra tools to make ultra-ultra weaponry the probability is close to ‘‘certainty’’ that one ‘‘Oswald’’ amongst four billion living and perplexed peoples will succeed in pushing one of the humanity-extinguishing buttons of the increasing number of sovereign possessed, omniautomated, interretaliation hookups to the comprehensive annihilation system. Assuming that humanity continues only to take the long way around by the protracted weapons-race ‘‘detour’’—as the causative means of generating the new magnitude of more-with-lessing—competent scientists, integrating the probability curves, now calculate that within 10--20 more years we will descend below the 50--50 chance that man will survive on earth.
91 But the same scientists conceded that the safe new superhighway leading directly to success for all is now ready for use. As pioneers in operating along that new highway, the world students’ design-science revolution may possibly result in a general reorientation of world society’s awareness, common sense, and intelligence which, just in the ‘‘nick of time,’’ will bring mankind into conscious promulgation of the do-more-with-lessing invention revolution to be applied directly to gaining man’s living advantage, which can accomplish the 100% physical success of all humanity in less than one-half the time it would take to occur only as the inadvertent byproduct of further weapons detouring of human initiative.
92 But the students are aware that in considering the reorientation of mankind to comprehend and directly employ general systems theory and design science that they must first clarify the history of the problem. The students recognize that the scientific development of world-holocaust weapons have thus far occurred only as the competitive, anticipatory, massive defense moves of what have been up to now powerful but minor percentage groups of the total world population, undertaken on the economic premise of all-the-yesterdays that there was not enough vital sustenance on earth to support more than a small minority of all men. This point was esoterically established, exclusively for the establishment, by Malthus and fortified by Darwin a century and a half ago. ‘‘Survival only of the fittest.’’ As a consequence those in power in the ‘‘have’’ nations used their highest capabilities to back their fears for the worst. None of them was enlightened by the startling knowledge that now looms on man’s horizon, that there is potentially ample for all, which can be made a reality in 20 years.
93 Now, for the first time in history, those in highest office in the most powerful sovereign nations have been confronted for ten years with scientific confirmation of the new economic potential, which may be realized, however, only through diversion of the high-priority science and industry from weaponry to ‘‘livingry’’ production. Each of the sovereign nations’ ‘‘top men’’ cannot but wish with all his heart to move in the direction of realization of peace, through abundance for all, by risking more than perfunctory disarmament. The leaders are deterred from so doing, however, not by the intransigence or treachery of ‘‘the enemy’’ as the propagandized public-enemy image would suppose, but by their own political party without whose support they would have no chance of ratification of their acts. Their own party is deterred from such support by the constant threat of unseating not by the ‘‘enemy,’’ but by their political-party adversaries within their own respective national, political systems. The opposition, counting on long-conditioned self-interest, popular skepticism, indignation, and fear, insists that any softening of military ‘‘posture’’ is ethically exploitable as the means of a party coup. Posture softening, it is politically asserted by the opposition, could only be occasioned by madness or by secretly treasonble acts warranting immediate and vindictive takeover by the opposition.
94 It comes to those who discover it, all round the world, as a dismaying shock to realize that continuation of the weapons race and of cold and hot warring is motivated only by intramural party fears of local political disasters. The world’s political fate does not rest with leaders at the summit, expressing the will of world people, but with the local ambitions and fears of lower-echelon political machines, within the major weapons-possessing nations, whose vacillation is accompanied by an increasing spread of the atomic-weapons-possessing nations whose respective internal politics will forever frustrate disarmament by political initiative. All political machine professionals of all political states will always oppose loss of sovereignty for their own state. Solution of the impasse, if it comes at all, must clearly come from other than political initiative.
95 It is true, the world university students point out, that throughout all history up to now man has been faced with not enough to go around;
96 not even for the survival of more than a small minority. It has always been—you or me. Swift you-or-me by the sword or gun has often been preferable to slow death by slum rot or slavery. The direct and conscious design-science revolution backed by the students can and may, by production of enough for all, accomplish elimination of the lethal you-or-me dictum and its political bias support.
97 Now, for the first time in history, employing its literary voices, world society can give design science its popularly mandated priority over political initiative with realistic hope as the impelling motivation. As 100% of humanity achieves, or nears, physical-survival success, past history’s seemingly inexorable reason for war (not enough for both of us) will have been eliminated.
98 The students argue that if they can make man conscious of his design-revolution potential, and of the feasible and practical means of its accomplishment—the probability of pushing the annihilation button will be diminished from ‘‘critical’’ to ‘‘remote’’ status.
99 It seems apparent to students that—for whatever functional purposes man has been included in the design of the universe—nature has been, and continues to be, intent upon mankind’s survival in his most physically successful and intellectually useful condition, wherefore, in view of man’s historically vast ignorance and fear, nature has employed those predominant ‘‘game-motivating’’ negatives to impel him unconscious, even as she impelled him through the womb, toward this moment of dawning awareness of realistic hope and birth of his responsibility and intellectual initiative. The inadvertent doing-more-with-less as a by-product of the weaponry race seems, retrospectively, to have been nature’s trick for developing man’s highest potential, while also saving him from his own shortsighted ‘‘game-playing’’ ignorance.
100 It is inconceivable that one man, one party, one nation, or even a world congress of all mankind’s representatives meeting a century ago (1865)—when a million dollars was an almost incredible sum, could have had the vision, logic, and courage to elect to invest $ 5 trillion in the invention and development of the then uninvented and economically unanticipated telephone; electric light; radio; airplane; jet and rocket flight; nuclear reactor; flight into space; world-around television; elimination of both bacterial and virus diseases; discovery and isolation of 60 additional chemical elements and their electrons, and nuclear components; and the genetic code; together with the ten million additional, mutually interadvantaging technical inventions and discoveries which have occurred in the last century; plus development of industrial mass production and its progressive industrial-production-capacity-geared accrediting of the paper-financed mass-consumption industry; tripling of human longevity and the support of three times as many people on earth, half of them at standards of living better than any king has ever known. Those who suggest that it might all have developed peacefully and purposefully through a shift in political doctrine are as unrealistic as are those who now think that the old public laissez-faire and political-initiative-only patterns can continue without man’s annihilating himself; as are those who cannot see that the world students have found a first tiny view of a realistically hopeful blue-sky future.
101 When they are available to him, a healthy man each day eats 3 pounds of food, drinks 6 pounds of water, and breathes 60 pounds of air. Food has often been scarce, water sometimes scarce, but air almost always plentiful. Where there is abundance, competition is unnecessary and unthought-of. When, however, fire in a theater suffocates them, men trample one another to death in the desperate panic of the unaccustomed competition for air. There is nothing unnatural about the elimination of health competition in the presence of universal bountifulness of a vital resource. Though wars are precipitated by and identified by irrelevant and superficial yet emotionally preoccupying ‘‘causes’’ which are popularly sloganizable, wars have always occurred because of the underlying inadequacy of vital supplies. We will always have war until there is enough to support all humanity.
102 Science and engineering say the design science’s peaceful accomplishment of 100% industrialization and its comprehensively bounteous support of man is eminently feasible. It is feasible because the world’s economy is now operating at the appalling low overall mechanical efficiency level at which only 4% of the energy consumed is realized as effective work. Reciprocating engines are 15%, turbines 30%, jet engines 65% efficient. Efficiencies of 72% in atomic reactors—employing their by-product heat in desalination—and up to 80% in fuel cells are now everyday design realities. Increasing the overall mechanical efficiency of the world’s prime movers and machinery to only 10% from the present 4% will result in 100% of mankind being benefited by higher living standards than the present highest.
103 In addition to the world students’ reorientation of the public from prime dependence on politics to prime dependence upon design science, there are now in evidence several other hopeful and highly realistic trends toward elimination of the political impasse to be accomplished by accelerating the more-with-lessing to the advantage of all men. Completion of the ultrahigh-voltage world network integration of electrical-energy distribution, under the Bering Straits, which is now clearly possible well within the 20-year trend, will automatically increase the world energy efficiency to an overall of 20%. This energy-distributing network linking the day and night hemispheres of earth will reduce the local standby power losses by 25%. The staggering economical advantage accruing to both public and private sectors has thus far caused both to join unreservedly in its development. The decisions of both public and private sectors to subscribe to their mutual interoperation was never taken as a consequence of interpersuasion by one another or of victory of one over the other. The persuasion came exclusively from the unbiased calculations of computers. The machine showed both sides that they would each profit beyond previous dreams by ‘‘integration.’’ The computers will play a swiftly increasing, dominant role in the decisions of men—leading him away from ‘‘policy or political impasse and toward total physical success.
104 Because energy is wealth, the integrating world network means access of all humanity everywhere to the total operative commonwealth of earth.
105 Wealth cannot alter yesterday. It can only alter today and tomorrow.
106 Multiplication of wealth began when man stepped on the long end of a log lying across another log with its short end under another big log, and he saw the big log, which was too heavy for him to lift with his muscles, lifted easily by gravity pulling his minuscule weight against the high-advantage arm of the lever. When man fastened a set of levers radially around the hub of a wheel and put the wheel under a waterfall and connected the wheel with a grinding mill, he learned to stand aside from the work and, gaining perspective, to use his brain to rearrange energy patterns to do more, and more fundamental, man-advantaging work.
107 Man found that the vast associative (gravity, matter) and dissociative (radiation) energy patternings of universe can be harnessed, shunted, and valved by man to impinge on levers and trains of gears ad infinitum.
108 Man is now learning through the repeated lessons of experimental science that wealth is explicitly the organized and operative tool and energy capability to sustain his forward metabolic regeneration; to protect him physically; to increase his knowledge and degrees of freedom while decreasing his interfrustrations. Wealth, he finds, is inherently regenerative. Experimentally demonstrated wealth is: energy compounded with intellect’s knowhow.
109 Science’s Law of Conservation of Energy states that ‘‘energy cannot be created or destroyed.’’ The first constituent of wealth—energy—is therefore irreducible. Sciences states that the entire physical universe is ENERGY. E = Mc2.
110 Every time man uses the second constituent of wealth—his knowhow—this intellectual resource automatically increases.
111 Energy cannot decrease. Knowhow can only increase.
112 It is therefore scientifically clear that wealth which combines energy and intellect can only increase, and that wealth can increase only with use and that wealth increases as fast as it is used. The faster-the-more! Those are the facts of science. Those are the facts of life.
113 The students know that they can generate more wealth through their cooperative initiative than in competition with each other. Cooperation generates commonwealth. They need not be concerned about ‘‘making a living’’ for themselves. By dedicating themselves to research ‘‘how to make the world work for all in the shortest possible time’’ they will be realizing the only living now possible which is for all or none.
114 Professor John R. Platt, Chicago University physicist and biophysicist, in a thorough survey of the overall shapes of a family of trend curves which comprehensively embrace science technology and man in universe, says: ‘‘The world has become too dangerous for anything less than Utopia.’’
115 Man’s reflexes are conditioned to brush aside that statement on the grounds that ‘‘Utopia’’ has become synonymous with the ‘‘unrealistic’’ or ‘‘impossible.’’ This is because the many past attempts to establish Utopias all failed. The fact is that all past attempts were unrealistic before they started. All the historical Utopian attempts occurred when it was assumed that Malthus was right and that there never would be enough physical resources for more than 1% of humans to live out their potential fourscore and ten years in comfort; nor for more than one ten-thousandth of 1% to live it out in precarious luxury as well as comfort; nor for any to live out their full span in health, safety, comfort, luxury, good conscience, and happiness. The latter would, of course, be the minimum requirements for everybody in the establishment of Utopia. That is why their attempts were ‘‘unrealistic’’ in the light of their working knowledge that those conditions could not then be met or even dreamed of.
116 It was said at that time that ‘‘man cannot lift himself up by his bootstraps.’’ No one thought in the terms of doing-more-with-less. No Utopians thought of airplanes as a possible reality, nor in terms of aircraft engines multiplying thousandfold in power while simultaneously reducing their engine and airframe weights per horsepower by 99%. No one thought of communications going from wire to wireless with enormous gains in distance accomplished per unit of invested materials, as well as a manifold reduction of weight and energy per each frequency-tuned message circuit; none thought of a 1 / 10-ton Telstar satellite outperforming 75,000 tons of transatlantic cable.
117 The great transformation of man’s physical capabilities by scientific industrialization, which alone could provide the physical environment and harnessed energy adequate and essential to a Utopian level of metabolic-regeneration success for all humanity had neither occurred nor even been as yet scientifically conceived. As so far experienced, in their day, the would-be Utopians could reasonably think, for instance, of bigger, more fireproof, more bow-and-arrow-proof stone or brick walls instead of wood. They could think of common austerity. They could think of having more cows, or more acres, but experience, until then, gave them no thoughts of the doing-more-with-less science and technology revolution. Some cows gave more milk than others as some men were taller than others. There was good or bad luck. There was mystical blessedness or confoundment.
118 Not only did all the attempts to establish Utopias occur prematurely (in respect of technological capability to establish and maintain any bacteria- and virus-immune, hungerless, travel-anywhere Utopias), but all of the would-be Utopians disdained all the early manifestations of industrialization as ‘‘unnatural, stereotyped, and obnoxiously sterile.’’ The would-be Utopians, therefore, attempted only metaphysical and ideological transformations of man’s nature—unwitting any possible alternatives. It was then unthinkable that there might soon develop a full capability to satisfactorily transform the physical energy events and material structure of the environment—not by altering man, but by helping him to become literate and to use his innate cerebral capabilities, and thereby to at least achieve man’s physical survival at a Utopianly successful level.
119 All the attempts to establish Utopias were not only premature and misconceived, but they were also exclusive. Small groups of humanity withdrew from and forsook the welfare of the balance of humanity. Utopia must be, inherently, for all or none. A minority’s knowledge that the majority of humanity suffers and deteriorates while only the minority prospers would never permit a Utopian degree of contentment of the all-powerful subconscious reflexing of the human brain. In the far from Utopianly idealistic lives of history’s ‘‘aristocratic’’ minorities, which were alone supportable by the known means and resource effectiveness of the preindustrial era, attempts were made by the successful minority to exclude thoughts of humanity’s generally inexorable suffering by inventing ‘‘important’’ cultural preoccupations. However, dilettantism, sports, banquets, art patronage, flirtations, dueling, intrigue, and war failed to appease the subconscious reflexing of kings’ and courtiers’ brains. Their lopsided and twilighted conscience, therefore, imposed a code of affected blindness. This irrationality was propped up by an assumption of divine wisdom having placed a few in preposterous survival advantage over the many because of their superior wisdom, culture, and capability to fight for the less fortunate.
120 As a consequence, the poor illiterate masses built their churches and prayed that they and theirs be given strength to endure life, and that they be blessed—‘‘blessed’’ means ‘‘wounded’’—and possibly escape by death from unendurable life to a dreamed-of good life thereafter. All this is now changed, not because man has changed, but because man has found that he is endowed with a powerful brain which has found out what a few of the invisible principles operative in physical universe can do. But universe having permitted him to discover his intellectual effectiveness as well as some of universe’s riches, and thus to participate consciously as well as only subconsciously in universal evolution, will now require him to use his intellect directly and effectively. Success or failure is now all of humanity’s responsibility.
121 The present top-priority world problem to be solved may be summarized as how to triple, swiftly, safely, and satisfyingly, the overall performances per kilos, kilowatts, and man-hours of the world’s comprehensively invested resources of elements, energy, time, and intelligence. To do so will render those resources—which at the present uncoordinated, happenstance, design level can support only 44% of humanity—capable of supporting 100% of humanity’s increasing population at higher standards of living than any human minority or single individual has ever known or dreamed of and will thus eliminate the cause of war and its weapons’ frustrating diversion of productivity from the support of all mankind.
122 Because politicians will not dare to stop politicking, and because income-supported individuals will not risk loss of their incomes, and because the wage-earning world will not dare to drop its income-producing activity to promulgate the design-science achievement, it can only be undertaken by the more or less freewheeling student world. If the student handling of its initiative is well done, then in the progressively accelerating emergencies of human society, the significance of the students’ initiative will loom into increasing prominence as their design inventions are put to work, soon in sufficient degree to persuade the wage-earning adults to transfer their efforts to support the student initiative. If this occurs within the next decade, man may succeed in his continuance upon earth. Because of the students’ intuition and youth, the chances are good!
123 When President Eisenhower was confronted by the data on atomic warfare he said, ‘‘There is no alternative to peace’’ but did not define the latter or indicate how it could be secured. Eisenhower’s statement is akin to that of Professor Platt’s ‘‘The world has become too dangerous for anything less than Utopia.’’ Platt also failed to suggest how that might be attained. Jerome Wiesner, head of the Department of Nuclear Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and past science adviser to Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, writing in a recent issue of Scientific American , states, ‘‘The clearly predictable course of the arms race is a steady downward spiral into oblivion.’’ But he did say how it could be arrested. Let us, too, at least give ourselves a chance to vote to commit ourselves earnestly for the Design Science Decade approach to attaining Utopia. This moment of realization that it soon must be Utopia or Oblivion coincides exactly with the discovery by man that for the first time in history Utopia is, at least, physically possible of human attainment.